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Water — Large Utility
Sunbelt Regional Water (synthetic)
Generated 2026-07-28 21:49 ·
Grouped by census tract · k = 15
Residual re-identification risk
worst case 5% · Low
· smallest published group 19
7/75
Census tract groups published
—
of meter reads in published output
68
groups withheld by disclosure control
15/15 rule
≥15 contributors; no single customer over 15%
Contents
Disclosure control & data provenance
Grouping the dataset into 75 census tract groups, 7 were safe to publish and 68 were withheld under the rules below. The exact share published and the grand total are withheld here so the small suppressed group can't be recovered by subtraction; the published output carries a worst-case re-identification risk of 5% (Low).
Data quality & reliability
21600
Loaded reads
0 rejected & quarantined
13.7%
Estimated reads
utility estimate flag
1.9%
Negative usage
rollovers / net metering
3413
High outliers
Tukey 1.5·IQR (1977)
Anomalies are flagged, not dropped; rows failing validation are quarantined as rejected. 1632 reads (7.6%) lack coordinates and are excluded from spatial views.
Methods & authorities
-
Minimum-count (k-anonymity) — 24 groups withheld
(triggered by your minimum group size k = 15).
Sweeney, k-anonymity (2002); ESSnet/Eurostat SDC Handbook (Hundepool et al.) — minimum-frequency / threshold rule · Meets/exceeds: CA CPUC D.14-05-016 ("15/15"); IL 220 ILCS 33
-
(n,k)-dominance — 44 groups withheld
(triggered by your top-1 dominance limit p = 15%).
ESSnet/Eurostat SDC Handbook §4.2 (Hundepool et al.) — sensitive cells in magnitude tables
-
PII handling — identifiers are excluded from the analytic
path; only disclosure-controlled aggregates are reported.
NIST SP 800-122; NISTIR 8053
Published results
| Census tract | Total consumption (CCF) | Contributors | Status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Tract 23.04 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 9.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 10 | * | — | Withheld |
| (no location) | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.16 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 11.03 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.23 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.11 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 8.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 14.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.13 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.12 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 14.03 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.27 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.20 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 14.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 9.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.22 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 11.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 8.03 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 7 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 21.11 | 44,449 | 71 | Published |
| Tract 12 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.15 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 8.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.07 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.08 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.14 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.07 | 24,727 | 36 | Published |
| Tract 24.47 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.03 | 22,504 | 39 | Published |
| Tract 23.26 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.48 | 21,352 | 69 | Published |
| Tract 23.10 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 19.23 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.11 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.25 | * | — | Withheld |
| (outside area) | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 8.04 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 11.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.21 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.09 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 16.05 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 4.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 21.09 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 3.08 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 4.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 5 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 16.02 | 8,653 | 33 | Published |
| Tract 13.04 | 7,847 | 21 | Published |
| Tract 19.11 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 20.03 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 16.03 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 13.10 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 6.07 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 6.01 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 3.02 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 21.07 | 5,837 | 19 | Published |
| Tract 3.07 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 9800 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 3.09 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 21.10 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 16.04 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.44 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 20.06 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 19.10 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.13 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 20.07 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.43 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 23.24 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 24.19 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 6.08 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 6.05 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 2.04 | * | — | Withheld |
| Tract 6.06 | * | — | Withheld |
Consumption profile
Total consumption by census tract — published groups (CCF)
Consumption distribution & inequality
0.869
Gini coefficient
Gini 1912; Lorenz 1905
7.92
Coefficient of variation
std ÷ mean
375
Median use / account (CCF/yr)
across 1800 accounts
277
High outliers
Tukey 1.5·IQR
Lorenz curve — cumulative use vs. cumulative accounts
Percentiles (CCF/yr)
| 10th | 165 |
| 25th | 235 |
| Median | 375 |
| 75th | 729 |
| 90th | 2580 |
Customer class × month
Total consumption — class (rows) × month (columns); blanks were suppressed (CCF)
Weather & seasonality
0.0%
Weather-sensitive (weather-insensitive)
ASHRAE G14; PRISM
0.0% / 0.0%
Heating / cooling split
of weather-driven use
—
Weather-normalized annual
restated at normal year
0.668
Model fit (R²)
degree-day regression
E = 310 + -0.3252·HDD · base 65°F · 11 months
Outdoor / irrigation use — 54.1% above winter baseline, peak May
Average monthly consumption vs. winter baseline (CCF)
Winter-baseline (minimum-month) method. EPA WaterSense; AWWA; Water Research Foundation.
Differential privacy — an alternative release
An alternative to suppression: instead of hiding small groups, calibrated Laplace noise is added to each count (ε = 1.0, scale b = 1.0) so no individual's presence can be inferred while totals stay useful. Mean absolute error ±1.0 across 30 groups.
True vs. differentially private counts by geography
Laplace mechanism, ε-differential privacy. Dwork, McSherry, Nissim & Smith (2006); Dwork & Roth (2014); US Census Bureau 2020 DAS.
Appendix — policy & citations
Disclosure-control settings
| Governing standard | 15/15 rule |
| Minimum group size (k) | 15 |
| Dominance (top-n ≤ p) | 1 ≤ 0.15 |
| Min accounts for models | 15 |
| Grouping | Census tract |
Standards & sources cited
- k-anonymity — Sweeney (2002); ESSnet/Eurostat SDC Handbook
- (n,k)-dominance — ESSnet SDC Handbook §4.2; CPUC 15/15
- Inequality — Gini (1912); Lorenz (1905)
- Spatial — Moran (1950); Cliff & Ord (1973)
- Weather / M&V — ASHRAE Guideline 14; IPMVP Option C; PRISM
- Benchmarking — EPA ENERGY STAR; DOE/EIA CBECS/RECS
- Load — NREL UMP; BPA M&V Peak Demand
- Burden — ACEEE; US Census ACS
- Differential privacy — Dwork et al. (2006); US Census 2020 DAS
- PII — NIST SP 800-122; NISTIR 8053; NIST SP 800-188
- Methods & Formulas — every rule & analysis with its formula-as-implemented and primary citation
Synthetic sample data — for demonstration, not distribution. Generated by UnitTrack, a Polish Clover Solutions product · 2026-07-28 21:49.